Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing and Managing Vascular Surgery Patients: An Experimental Study Using the GPT-4 Model
Ann Vasc Surg. 2025 Feb;111:260-267. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2024.11.014. Epub 2024 Nov 24. PMID: 39586530.
Established the early benchmark for how foundation models handle vascular surgery decision-making before the guideline-locked architecture was introduced.